Monday, December 30, 2019

Examining the process of making a business decision - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2737 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Business researches play and important part in the decision making process for any organization, decisions which are made without involving the right reaches and found to have less effectiveness then the decisions which are made with the involvement of the exploration of and availability of the information. For the research to be made accurate and the collection of the right pieces of information, it is very important to understand different data collection methods and data analysis methods. Choosing the right data collection and analysis methods enables the researcher to provide the company with correct information for the sake of decision making. Without choosing the right methods and tools the authenticity of the research and information becomes questionable, therefore it is very important for the organizations and researchers to make sure that their business researchers are using the right methods according to the needs of the business. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Examining the process of making a business decision" essay for you Create order In the lines below I have discussed different data collection and analysis methods which can be used in business research, I have choose a leading retail brand for this purpose and I will design the data collection and analysis methods keeping in mind that we have to explore the customer satisfaction and loyalty with the brand through the marketing research, which is going to be a qualitative research. By doing this we shall see that what are the available methods of data collection and data analysis and how one of these methods best suits the requirements of our research study. This will enable us to explore the current practices in detail and then see the practical implication of these tools. Data Collection Methods Secondary Data Secondary data is used when researcher wants to know the current and previous developments already been done on the topic or subject that they are studying at that point in time. Secondary data can be found in the previous researches on the topic from the reviewing the literature, doing the internet research and looking at the work of the different commentators and practitioners. Secondary data provide the basis to the researcher upon which the researcher makes the building blocks of his/her own research. Sometimes secondary data provides the researcher with some important links and useful information that they can use their own research and develop further(Eriksson and Kovalainen, 2008). Primary Data Primary data is a kind of data that is collected first handedly and by the researchers at the time of research; such data is not collected by any other researcher. In business and marketing researches primary data collection is widely used, research departments of the companies base their research on primary data because they want to collect the lasts and customized information on the subject as well as for the problem in hand (Easterby-Smith et al., 2008). As we have stated earlier that our research would be looking after the customer loyalty and level of the customer service from the customers of a retail chain, then it would be advisable that primary data should be collect from the customers. Below I have presented the various data collection methods that are used in collection of primary data (Saunders et al., 2009). Questionnaire Questionnaires are one of the widely used methods in the collection of primary data, this methods is used in various types of social, business and marketing researches. This method provides the researcher with the flexibility of time and resources as number of participants can participate in the research and researcher can get the feedback and required information from the subjects in less time and cost. For this research, as the customers of the chain are involved, I have suggested the use of questionnaire methods of data collection so that more information can be taken from the customers of the chain store, and more number of customers can participate in the research (Coolican, 1994). Self Administered Questionnaires Self administered questionnaires are one the types that is used when questionnaire method of data collection is used. In this method the researcher or data collector presents the questionnaire to the participant the then the participant fill in the information and gives. This methodology can also be used in e-mail or mail questionnaire and also for the one-to-one data collection (Easterby-Smith et al., 2008). One the advantage of this methodology is that it saves time and cost of the data collection. As this method supports the email and mail delivery, more persons can be contacted at one time and they can provide information, when used in one-to-one research, this can also save time of the researcher for the collection of data (Easterby-Smith et al., 2008). Interviewer Administered Questionnaire The second form of questionnaires is interviewer administered, where the data collectors have a designed questionnaire with them but they do not hand over these questionnaires to the participant. Rather they ask the participant the relevant questions and then mark the most appropriate answers. These questionnaires are used when either the questions are complex or participants have little knowledge or they have low literacy rate. These questionnaires help the researcher to get the most accurate information and minimize the risk of misunderstand at the part of participant (Saunders et al., 2009). These kinds of questionnaires are high in terms of time required to conduct the research and cost required to have the participant give the information. Therefore these kinds of methods are not recommended when the available time and cost is less. Interviews In data collection methods, interviews are one of the most widely used technique, this technique is very effective when used for qualitative data and complex researches. For business research or marketing research where we require the customer responses in complex buying behavior, or anything related to human psychology or decision making processes is to be explored then interviews are effective in letting the researcher know about the hidden attitudes of the target subjects (Eriksson and Kovalainen, 2008). Since in our named research we are about to understand the consumer perception about loyalty and customer service then interviews also can be extremely helpful in making consumer speak up and let the researchers know about what they feel, how they feel, and why they feel and react in certain way (Easterby-Smith et al., 2008). Face-To-Face Interviews Face-to-face interviews are one of the techniques that are used when the qualitative data is to be collected. In this technique, the interviewer and the participant sit together and then interviewer starts questioning. The interviewer asks the participant about the information which is required and tries to explore the hidden patterns of their thoughts so that the required information comes out the minds and hearts of the participant. This technique is widely used when new product development is under process; this technique is expensive in terms of time and resources required. As one interviewer can contact one participant at one time therefore to get the research done, either the more time is required or more interviewers are required (Saunders et al., 2009). Telephone Interviews When the physical meeting with participant is not required then other techniques can also be used for interviews that are called telephonic interviews, in this technique the researcher calls the participant over the telephone line and if participant agrees for the interview then they can have conversation over telephone. This technique can be used when participant of the research are geographically away and their physical presence for the interview is not required. This technique has less response rate as compared to other data collection techniques but is less costly and time expensive because different data collectors can work simultaneously on the data collection part (Saunders et al., 2009). Focus Groups One of the most widely used techniques in business and marketing research under the interview section is focus groups. In this technique the researcher gathers few willing people to participate in the debate and give the information. The researcher act as the moderator and through questions among people who then discuss and provide their own feedback on the questions. The moderator encourages participant to give as much insights as they want so the accurate and relevant information can be collected (Saunders et al., 2009). Focus groups are costly in terms of time and resources required but they are highly effective in getting the insights of the customer perception and psychologically complex behavioral data. As our research would be dealing with consumer perception therefore I would suggest the we should also be using the focus groups so that we can get the insights of consumer perception (Saunders et al., 2009). Data Analysis Methods Qualitative Analysis of Data When it comes to analyzing the data then we have two kinds of data analysis techniques in place, as the data is of two kinds, qualitative and quantitative there both of data kinds have different kinds of analysis techniques. Presented below are the data analysis techniques for both kinds of data along with the advantages and disadvantages of both. I have also shared that which data analysis techniques should be used in our named research why this data analysis technique will be helpful in getting the desired results. Interviews Evaluation When the researcher uses the interview techniques for their business research then the data analysis technique choice which is with researchers is interview evaluation. In this technique the interviewer evaluates the responses by their own criteria; this technique is helpful in social researches as it provides the information which is not available in documentation format (Eriksson and Kovalainen, 2008). The drawback of this technique is that it has the error of biasness on part of, interviewee and interviewer examiner, generally called social desirability bias. However when there is no other data collection technique is used the interview evaluation is the technique that can be used for the evaluation of the interviews (Eriksson and Kovalainen, 2008). Observations Evaluation For the business research and for empirical studies observation evaluation is the techniques that is widely being used, this techniques is also useful when focus group technique of data collection is used. The researcher can evaluate the focus group by observing the responses by the participants in the research. There are expected errors of biasness on both parts like participant can hide the information in the presence of others, and researcher can show the biasness in evaluating and interpreting the research information (Easterby-Smith et al., 2008). Therefore to avoid such biasness it is recommended that researchers should have a pre defined set of responses and their corresponding results, and evaluates the responses on the basis of such pre defined response set. Quantitative Analysis of Data For the data collected in research there is another analysis technique which is called quantitative analysis of data, this data analysis technique presents the more unbiased data results as the data is presented in quantitative form. Quantitative data analysis can be used for both qualitative data as well as for quantitative data. For this researcher have to convert the qualitative data into quantitative form and then data can be analyzed by using various statistical analysis tools (Saunders et al., 2009). The drawback of such analysis is that this only presents the data analysis in numerical form and the hidden observations can be omitted that are important in some cased. More over to use this technique researcher can only go for questionnaires. Quantitative data analysis is limited when used with other data collection techniques. Below we shall see the various quantitative data analysis techniques that can be used to interpret the data collected in our named research. Measures of Central Tendency This one of the most commonly used technique in quantitative analysis of data, measures of central tendency provides the information about how data is clustered around the central point, there are different tools to measure the central tendency but three of them are most commonly used, these are Mean, Median and Mode. Among them Mean is mostly used and calculated as the sum of all the values divided by the number of values (Saunders et al., 2009). The advantage of using central tendencies is that researcher can easily have a look on the center point of the data and can calculate the average response of any kind of question, however the disadvantage of the using this technique is that, it is affected by the extreme high or low values and the overall calculation of central point is affected by the extreme values (Saunders et al., 2009). Measures of Dispersion Along with the calculation of central tendency, it is always useful to work with the measure of dispersion; this technique calculates that how much the actual values are away from their center. This technique is useful in knowing the spread of data, and shows that the how much data is spread out; standard deviation and variance are the popular tools that calculate the dispersion of the data. So it is recommended for the researchers that when they are working with the quantitative analysis of the business research then they should be having the measures of dispersion calculated. For our named research that will be measuring the customer evaluation of the customer services, I have also recommended that standard deviation and variance should be calculated. This will help us know that how many of the customers are actually differing from the result that came as result of calculation of mean of the responses (Saunders et al., 2009). Statistical Tests Another way to analyze data statistically is to apply test on it, then confirm whether the data presented and hypothesis made in the study have the significance. Statistical tests can be presented as in two king of test one being the parametric tests and other being the non-parametric tests. Parametric tests be supposed to only be used when the data gathered from a study is actually satisfying different requirements (Coolican, 1994). More particularly, there should be some interval or data, and in statistical terms, the data should be normally distributed. The variances in the two conditions should be rationally comparable. On the other hand, non-parametric tests can always continue to be used, even when the necessities of parametric tests are content. It is always handy to make the hypothesis at the start of the research study and then test that hypothesis on the basis of some statistical test (Coolican, 1994). Correlation Studies Correlation studies are important in knowing the relationship and dependency of two variables with each others. When in business researcher, if researcher wishes to understand the relationship on two independent variable, for example the advertising spend with sales, then the correlation analysis is very helpful in determining the relationship. Correlation coefficient is calculated by using statistical analysis tools and can be negative and positive as well, negative correlation shows the negative relationship and positive correlation shows the positive relationship of the variables. For our named research we shall be measure the customer perception about customer service of retail store and customer loyalty of the customers of the same store. In this kind of research measuring the correlation coefficient of the two variables, customer service and customer loyalty, will be helpful to determine whether there is any effect of customer service on customer loyalty, such relationship help the researcher to understand the cause and effect of variables (Coolican, 1994). Cross Tabulation Cross tabulation is very useful tool, presented in the statistical analysis software as well. This tool helps the researcher compare the responses of the participants if two of more variables are understudy. These responses are presented in a tabulation form that show that how many participants have responded to two variables in the particular way. For our named research I shall recommend to use this tool. As we know that in our research we shall be measuring two variables, one is customer service perception and other is customer loyalty and both variables are being calculated for the same retail chain. Therefore cross tabulation will show the researcher that how many participants have rated both of the variables high and how many participants have rated both of the variables low, this will help in determining the relationship of the variables (Coolican, 1994). Conclusion This paper presents the data collection and data analysis tools for business researches, so that business research can be made for decision effective, in this paper I have analyzed that what are the various data collection methods that are available for business researches and what are data analysis methods that are available for the researchers, I have chosen the customer services research as sample and selected the data collection and data analysis method that are appropriate as per requirement of the research.

Sunday, December 22, 2019

Essay on Shakespeare Alterations from the Original Macbeth

Mac Bethad mac Findlaà ­ch became king of the Scots after Duncan’s killing in 1040 and was murdered in 1057 by Malcolm III in battle . William Shakespeare immortalized Macbeth and his life story in his famous play which goes by the very same name: Macbeth. Shakespeare used Holinsheds Chronicles by Raphael Holinshed as his primary source, the basis for the plot of the play. Shakespeare made a considerable number of alterations in the story line and form. In this essay, I will explore what changes Shakespeare made and for what reason. In Macbeth, a thane Macbeth hears a prophecy by three witches: he will be king. Macbeth decides to take help faith and kill king Duncan. His character changes dramatically in Shakespeare’s narration and finally†¦show more content†¦If Shakespeare had not chosen to alter the not so palatable history he found in the Chronicles by adding sensational art and more dramatic effect, the play would not have conveyed the message in the very effective way it does now and with that emotional appeal, since â€Å"catching the conscience of Macbeth, and through him, of the audience was surely a major source of the play’s power and a source that helps immensely to explain why there is so much sensational art in the play.† In addition, the audience needed to be kept intrigued but â€Å"perhaps a major [other] purpose of sensational drama was to pare of the ‘brawniness’ from the consciences of the audience† . Another major alteration is the different character of Macbeth and Banquo as portrayed by Shakespeare in comparison to the Chronicles. Holinshed did not given a sufficient description of Macbeth’s character, which is not odd considering his purpose was to give a historical overview and not an extensive biography. On the other side of the coin, Shakespeare needed a well-defined character in order to write his play and convey his message, which entails characters’ metamorphoses. Therefore, Shakespeare altered Macbeth’s character and added some ideas of his own. Comparing the Chronicles and Macbeth, there is striking discord regarding Macbeth’s character when he eventually has become king. The Chronicles put forward all kinds of good laws implementedShow MoreRelatedChange of Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth Essay1674 Words   |  7 PagesChange of Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth Throughout the course of the play, Macbeths character changes from good to evil. 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Saturday, December 14, 2019

Business Ethics and Studio Habitat Indonesia Free Essays

STUDIO HABITAT CASE How to help low income houses clients while followed the architecture business ethics in Indonesia Everyone deserves a comfort, save, and beautifully well-designed house to live in. Unfortunately, there hardly ever an architect who is willing to get involved in a low budget house design project whereas in fact, an architect support is extremely needed in one. People need a particular architecture solution for their lack of budget, space, material, and opportunity in building a house. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Ethics and Studio Habitat Indonesia or any similar topic only for you Order Now On the other hand, the low budget house should be made with an ideal plan so it wouldn’t cost more than the fund they have. Which hopefully, can be done with a hand from an architect. A good low budget house should be a sturdy one, so that it could have a low maintenance and sustainable construction. It should have fine light and circulation thus it won’t need much electrical energy which also means saving the energy and expense The space should be properly designed in an exact space, thus every space available is properly used and the material and structure are effective and efficiently applied along with the necessity so that the building cost can also be economized. In Indonesia, the issue is crucial due to the need of good quality house supporting a good quality of life. With a well-constructed environment comes well social environment. The problem is the fact that most architects lack of awareness these days towards the need of middle class society for a good architecture. Not to mention the society which doesn’t seem to assume architecture as a fundamental issue. The main problem due to the problems, there is a very different opinion about how should architects deals with this matter. To make an affordable houses designed by an architect, first of all architect should lowering the rates below the standard rates decided by the Indonesian Architects Association. This is not a really ideal solution, because ethically those who want to create a price war in the business could misuse it. In the other hand, if we keep up with the standard fees, it was to high to be reach by the poor. The Affordable Houses Affordable housing and low cost housing are the most talked about issues in the real estate sector these days. However, there is a distinct difference between the two concepts. In the absence of an institutional rental market in Indonesia affordable and low cost housing denotes ownership and not rental housing. Low cost housing generally refers to cost effective housing that relies on ‘low cost technology’ that ensures similar quality and durability as compared to more commonly used technologies. In Indonesia, the affordable houses was definite by the government through some of the rules and laws and minimum standard, Indonesian government set some rules about it such as[1]: †¢ It provides a comfort, save, and proper shelter for the user †¢ It provides a proper air circulation, and ventilation for natural light †¢ It provides drainage, clean water, and a proper waste system †¢ It provides access to public facility †¢ It provides electricity More over, there is some standard minimum area of the houses so it would fulfill the criteria to be called as ideal affordable houses (on exhibit 1 2)[2] There’s still some unfinished points about this criteria and standards, for examples the government set up the standard height for ceiling in houses should about to be around 3. 2 meters from the floor. In fact, with a great design on the layout and opening for windows and doors, 2. 4 meters from the floor is all needed to had a proper, safe, comfort, and healthy affordable houses. Business ethics for architects in Indonesia Architects is someone creating an architecture[3]. The job is to make a real manifesto from the idea and the needs of a client. In doing their jobs an architect give a focus on some designs factors during the process, some of those are the style of the building, air circulation, natural light, ventilation, concepts, and the basic structure of the building, the materials that should be use, and so on. The working process would be start right after the architect had been chosen by the client, the next xtep is to collect all the neccessary data, surveys, and then the consultation begin. After the architect and the client had reach some agreement of how the design proccess should be done, the client gave the down payment no more than a 30% of total of the architects fee on the current project to get to the preliminary design process. It including the plan, elevation, and 3D image. Another 30% was given after, to start the works drawing, and at last another 30% to complete all the details and full drawing. There is no rules about the supervision during the construction process yet, but some architects takes 10% left as the supervision fee, and some ask for another contracts. According to The Indonesian architects association (known As IAI stands for Ikatan Arsitek Indonesia) the rules for an architect’s fee is classified through their experiences. So the senior the architect are, the more he or she should be paid[4]. There are 2 kind of fee classification according on year’s experiences. The first one is calculated from man/hour, man/month, even man/ year (see exhibit 3). The second is to calculate the fee from the total price of the projects. The basic fee is 6-9% for housing and 3-5% for public space[5]. This fee is the minimum standard to gain a quality control of architects works throughout Indonesia. Studio Habitat Studio Habitat is voluntary organization of students and professionals in the field of architecture that helps design for cost effective houses clients, doing the design process for free. During their works we had a partnership with Habitat for Humanity, an international nonprofit organization that helps families build safe, decent and affordable houses by providing labors and interest-free funding. Studio Habitat was established to answer the need for good design to help home partner (known as partner families as a clients) build their houses under Habitat program. Studio Habitat Indonesia, whose participants are mostly students of architecture helps to design houses for partner families. Students, who are used to designing houses on paper, get a chance to actually build their designs and learn something in the process. Ideally every Habitat for Humanity home partner that chooses to do so will have their house designed by participants of Studio Habitat Indonesia, under supervision of a mentor. The mentors are professional architects who volunteer for Habitat. Studio Habitat plays a more specific role, as architecture students are involved in designing houses, in addition to helping with the actual construction. The student become more adept in dealing with clients and we learn to be more sensitive to the need of the family in regard to their house is one of the benefits they get from joining Studio Habitat Indonesia. Students joining Studio Habitat talk to the homeowner. They survey the site and design the house in-group supervised by a mentor. Then they will give the workshop-draw to the Habitat for Humanity, and design the building budgeting plan. Afterwards the volunteers go to the location as the houses were built, to supervised and checked whether the workers had a problems on the building process. The Issue While Studio Habitat continuing to help the client, some problems occur. Some architects began to protest about the free-consultation concept this organization used. They don’t see any positive thing in a perspective of an architect to do such projects, and they afraid that this free-consultation idea would inspire some bad quality consultant to create some kind war of setting the price between architects. Some of them had bad experiences on meeting clients requested such a low price for the architect fee, and seeing this concept as a thread. This situation is not a new problem, for a long time certificated architects of The Indonesian architects association had struggled to compete the bad quality so called illegal-architects which selling their drawing per sheet on a very low prices. Others gave a free design, in exchange to use them as a contractor in the construction process. This is not just a thread to the architects, but also to the client, and more over it threatened the architecture business in Indonesia. To solve these problems, Indonesian architects association set the rules on the protection of the architecture business and tried to have it signed by the government on 2010. As for Studio Habitat, they create their own rules and criteria for up coming projects. It includes, the criteria of the client such as income, profession, family background, and so on. And for the houses they set the limits on budget, area, and function. And change the way they do the consulting process. The free consultation programs In brief, the idea is to provide a free of charge architecture consultation system for a low budget house design. The program should be held regularly from one to another middle class social area by turns in order to collect the data about related issue. As a result, this consultation might develop to a fund-raise or loan track activity for people with less budget, a coordination of community self-help activity done voluntarily, or low budget house renovation with followed by a fund raising. With a complete data, this program certainly can be a facility to provide source of information and education both for the architect and client as well. The targets of the program are low budget house clients who don’t know how to optimally spend their budget, space and opportunity. By planning a neat design of the house, the money can be spent properly, plus the rest of it could be used for another need. With a frequently updated data system, the information of building material price and execution charge could help to free from the possibility of deception. It can be sure that, with a well design, every cost spent is worthy and not useless. The most important part of the program is to gathering a number of architects who are willing to give voluntary consultation. And then followed up by finding fund supporting parties so that the consultation and design ideas are not only can be seen on the paper but can also be a realized. At last, forming a system among society to support each other, particularly in designing low budget house architecture within their environment which is not only limited to individual house for living but also public accommodations. The purpose of this program is to spread enthusiasm and idea that everyone deserves good architecture. Therefore, hopefully the community consists of society, architect as well as everyone interested, has been formed within a year. With a simple and low cost system, along with the ability to support individual through cooperation system, the program is wished to develop more and become an inspiration for other society and architect communities. Conclusion From a long, man-to-man consultation process, at the client house, to a short but mass consultation done in villages and traditional public space, The Studio Habitat had change their way of helping the low-income clients. Therefore, the target of the program would not be missed and not being misuse by irresponsible people. And starting from 2009, Studio Habitat is focused on designing prototype of an anti-disaster house for the government. The process is 90% done by the architecture student, within under Indonesian architects association considered as an internship programs member, and allowed to do the design process for free under supervision of certificated architects. The process would help to create a standard about what is architects and what can they do for their clients, so if a good design is for everyone their should be a specific ethics and laws on running the business. And to narrowed the gap between the architects and clients, the affordable houses for the low-income clients is the best way to do, while waiting for the government to step up with the legal laws. Exhibition 1 Number of room |Number of people | |1 |2 | |2 |3 | |3 |5 | |4 |7 | |5 |10 | Exhibition 2 |Area of the room |Max. erson/room | |4,64 m2 |0 | |4,64 – 6,5 m2 |0,5 | |6,5 – 8 m2 |1 | |8 – 10 m2 |1,5 | | 10 m2 |2 | Exhibition 3 ———————– [1] Health ministry of the republic of Indonesia Number 829/ Menkes/ SK/ VII/ 1999 [2] The standard room area for houses by general works and electricity department year 1972 [3] The manual guide year 2007 by The Indonesian architects association [4] www. iai. com How to cite Business Ethics and Studio Habitat Indonesia, Papers

Friday, December 6, 2019

Oliver Cromwell a Hero or a Villain free essay sample

Oliver Cromwell a Hero or a Villain BY lokenl 12 Oliver Cromwell was born in 25 April 1599 in a town in England called Huntington. He went to school at Huntington Grammar School then went to Sydney Sussex Collage at Cambridge. He studied law at Cambridge and then went to London and became the MP for Huntington in 1628 and MP for Cambridge in 1640. In 1630s Oliver Cromwell became Puritan due to a religious crisis and started to become a Radical Puritan when he elected to represent Cambridge, first in the Short parliament, then in the Long parliament. In Parliament, Oliver Cromwell was a strong critic of King Charles he 2nd and in 1642, when King Charles the 2nd started the English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell started to raise troops and Joined the Parliamentary forces, fighting against King Charles the 2nd. It is in the English Civil War where Oliver Cromwell gains his renown and fame. We will write a custom essay sample on Oliver Cromwell a Hero or a Villain or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the beginning of the English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell became a cavalry commander. Even though he had no military experience, he had a good knowledge of horses due to his experience of being a large landowner. Oliver Cromwell rose thought the ranks really quickly first a colonel in 1643, then in 1644, Oliver Cromwell ecame Lieutenant-General of the OEastern Association Army and in 1645 he became Lieutenant-General of the New Model Army. The reason why Oliver Cromwell became such a good cavalry commander is because he knew a well-disciplined army is very important in war. Oliver Cromwell first noticed that Prince Ruperts cavalry were not very well disciplined and they do not rally after a charge, instead, Prince Ruperts cavalry Just pursuit their own targets. In the first major battle in the English civil war at the battle of Edgehill, Prince Ruperts cavalry did not return to the battlefield until 1 hour after he initial charge at the Parliamentary forces in which Prince Ruperts cavalry horses did not have the strength to mount another charge against enemy forces. Oliver Cromwell saw Prince Ruperts cavalry tactic flaws and made sure that his cavalry did not have the same flaws. Oliver Cromwell trained his cavalry to keep together after a charge so the cavalry can charge again and again. Oliver Cromwells cavalry was called the Ironsides due to how they cut their way though Royalist forces on the battlefield. In February 1645, Parliament decided to create the New Model Army, which is an rmy full of professional solders with its commander-in-chief being General Thomas Fairfax. The Head of cavalry was Oliver Cromwell and The New Model Army had 22,000 men who all received proper military training and when the New Model Army went to battle, they were very well disciplined. In The New Model Army, officers were promoted based on how good they were, not their heritage. This is the first time a working class person can become an army officer. The first battle that the New Model Army was an important victory for the Model Army first major battle took part outside the village of Naseby in Northampton hire on 14 June 1645. The battle for Naseby was a complete disaster for King Charles the 2nd. King Charles the 2nd complete stock of weapons and ammunition was in the Royalist baggage train, which was captured by the Parliamentarian forces during the battle for Naseby. This is an important fact as King Charles the 2nd could not supply weapons or ammunition to his army and so he could not raise another army strong enough to defeat the Parliamentarians army. In January 1647, King Charles the 2nd fled to Scotland where the Scots betrayed King Charles the 2nd and gave him back to the Parliamentarians. Charles was imprisoned n Hampton Court, but in November 1647 he escaped and managed to raise another army and convinced the Scots to help him. But in August 1648, The New Model Army defeated the Royalist army and the Scots. Oliver Cromwell and most of the New Model Army decided to overthrow part of parliament who wanted to disband the New Model Army because they did not get their pay, that part of the parliament believed the New Model Army had too much power and they did not wanted to execute King Charles the 2nd. In 1649 King Charles the 2nd was executed outside his Whitehall Palace. The Parliament passed a series of new laws. The monarchy, the House of Lords and the Anglican Church were abolished and the land own by them was sold and the money was us to pay the wages of the soldiers. People were no longer fined if they did not attend the local church but they were still expected to go to some religious practice. In August 1649, Cromwell and 12,000 soldiers arrived in Ireland to put down the rebellion. During the next ten years of bloodshed around one third of the Scottish population was killed or died of starvation. More then half that were killed were Catholic and Oliver Cromwell and his 12,000 men killed them. When Oliver Cromwell went back to England, the parliament was still called but it was Oliver Cromwell and the New Model Army who were in charged. In December 1653 the New Model Army decided to make Oliver Cromwell as England new ruler. The army wanted him to be king but Oliver Cromwell refused and instead took the title Lord Protector of the Commonwealth. However Oliver Cromwell had as much power as the king had. When the House of Commons opposed his policies in 1655, he closed it down. Now Oliver Cromwell is the king of England in all but name. Oliver Cromwell imposed military rule on England. He divided England into 11 districts with each to be run by a Major General who are Just a governor of each districts. The laws in each district are all different to each other. In some districts bear-baiting, cock-fghting, horse-racing and wrestling were banned. Betting and gambling were also forbidden. Large numbers of ale-houses were closed and fines were imposed on people caught swearing. In some districts, the Major-Generals even In 1655 Edward Sexby, John Wildman and Richard Overton were involved in developing a plot to overthrow the government. They were discovered and were forced to flee for their lives. In 1658 Cromwell announced that he wanted his son, Richard Cromwell, to replace him as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth. The English army was unhappy with this decision as Richard did not have any experience. Oliver Cromwell died on 3rd September 1658. His son became Lord Protector but in May 1659, the generals forced him to retire from government. Oliver Cromwell was a hero because he played an important part of showing how important the parliament was and how the king does not always act on people behalf and sometimes act on their own selfish needs and how their lives are similar to other eople. During the English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell was considered a hero due to how he commanded the cavalry on the battlefield and his tactics. In the end of the English Civil War, some of Oliver Cromwells achievement was how he tried to form a new Parliament and when that did not work he used the army officers as the Government. Oliver Cromwell is also a villain because of how many innocents he and his men killed and as Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector of the Commonwealth, Cromwell started to become more ruthless and started to kill anyone in his way.