Examining the process of making a business decision - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 9 Words: 2737 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Business Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Business researches play and important part in the decision making process for any organization, decisions which are made without involving the right reaches and found to have less effectiveness then the decisions which are made with the involvement of the exploration of and availability of the information. For the research to be made accurate and the collection of the right pieces of information, it is very important to understand different data collection methods and data analysis methods. Choosing the right data collection and analysis methods enables the researcher to provide the company with correct information for the sake of decision making. Without choosing the right methods and tools the authenticity of the research and information becomes questionable, therefore it is very important for the organizations and researchers to make sure that their business researchers are using the right methods according to the needs of the business. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Examining the process of making a business decision" essay for you Create order In the lines below I have discussed different data collection and analysis methods which can be used in business research, I have choose a leading retail brand for this purpose and I will design the data collection and analysis methods keeping in mind that we have to explore the customer satisfaction and loyalty with the brand through the marketing research, which is going to be a qualitative research. By doing this we shall see that what are the available methods of data collection and data analysis and how one of these methods best suits the requirements of our research study. This will enable us to explore the current practices in detail and then see the practical implication of these tools. Data Collection Methods Secondary Data Secondary data is used when researcher wants to know the current and previous developments already been done on the topic or subject that they are studying at that point in time. Secondary data can be found in the previous researches on the topic from the reviewing the literature, doing the internet research and looking at the work of the different commentators and practitioners. Secondary data provide the basis to the researcher upon which the researcher makes the building blocks of his/her own research. Sometimes secondary data provides the researcher with some important links and useful information that they can use their own research and develop further(Eriksson and Kovalainen, 2008). Primary Data Primary data is a kind of data that is collected first handedly and by the researchers at the time of research; such data is not collected by any other researcher. In business and marketing researches primary data collection is widely used, research departments of the companies base their research on primary data because they want to collect the lasts and customized information on the subject as well as for the problem in hand (Easterby-Smith et al., 2008). As we have stated earlier that our research would be looking after the customer loyalty and level of the customer service from the customers of a retail chain, then it would be advisable that primary data should be collect from the customers. Below I have presented the various data collection methods that are used in collection of primary data (Saunders et al., 2009). Questionnaire Questionnaires are one of the widely used methods in the collection of primary data, this methods is used in various types of social, business and marketing researches. This method provides the researcher with the flexibility of time and resources as number of participants can participate in the research and researcher can get the feedback and required information from the subjects in less time and cost. For this research, as the customers of the chain are involved, I have suggested the use of questionnaire methods of data collection so that more information can be taken from the customers of the chain store, and more number of customers can participate in the research (Coolican, 1994). Self Administered Questionnaires Self administered questionnaires are one the types that is used when questionnaire method of data collection is used. In this method the researcher or data collector presents the questionnaire to the participant the then the participant fill in the information and gives. This methodology can also be used in e-mail or mail questionnaire and also for the one-to-one data collection (Easterby-Smith et al., 2008). One the advantage of this methodology is that it saves time and cost of the data collection. As this method supports the email and mail delivery, more persons can be contacted at one time and they can provide information, when used in one-to-one research, this can also save time of the researcher for the collection of data (Easterby-Smith et al., 2008). Interviewer Administered Questionnaire The second form of questionnaires is interviewer administered, where the data collectors have a designed questionnaire with them but they do not hand over these questionnaires to the participant. Rather they ask the participant the relevant questions and then mark the most appropriate answers. These questionnaires are used when either the questions are complex or participants have little knowledge or they have low literacy rate. These questionnaires help the researcher to get the most accurate information and minimize the risk of misunderstand at the part of participant (Saunders et al., 2009). These kinds of questionnaires are high in terms of time required to conduct the research and cost required to have the participant give the information. Therefore these kinds of methods are not recommended when the available time and cost is less. Interviews In data collection methods, interviews are one of the most widely used technique, this technique is very effective when used for qualitative data and complex researches. For business research or marketing research where we require the customer responses in complex buying behavior, or anything related to human psychology or decision making processes is to be explored then interviews are effective in letting the researcher know about the hidden attitudes of the target subjects (Eriksson and Kovalainen, 2008). Since in our named research we are about to understand the consumer perception about loyalty and customer service then interviews also can be extremely helpful in making consumer speak up and let the researchers know about what they feel, how they feel, and why they feel and react in certain way (Easterby-Smith et al., 2008). Face-To-Face Interviews Face-to-face interviews are one of the techniques that are used when the qualitative data is to be collected. In this technique, the interviewer and the participant sit together and then interviewer starts questioning. The interviewer asks the participant about the information which is required and tries to explore the hidden patterns of their thoughts so that the required information comes out the minds and hearts of the participant. This technique is widely used when new product development is under process; this technique is expensive in terms of time and resources required. As one interviewer can contact one participant at one time therefore to get the research done, either the more time is required or more interviewers are required (Saunders et al., 2009). Telephone Interviews When the physical meeting with participant is not required then other techniques can also be used for interviews that are called telephonic interviews, in this technique the researcher calls the participant over the telephone line and if participant agrees for the interview then they can have conversation over telephone. This technique can be used when participant of the research are geographically away and their physical presence for the interview is not required. This technique has less response rate as compared to other data collection techniques but is less costly and time expensive because different data collectors can work simultaneously on the data collection part (Saunders et al., 2009). Focus Groups One of the most widely used techniques in business and marketing research under the interview section is focus groups. In this technique the researcher gathers few willing people to participate in the debate and give the information. The researcher act as the moderator and through questions among people who then discuss and provide their own feedback on the questions. The moderator encourages participant to give as much insights as they want so the accurate and relevant information can be collected (Saunders et al., 2009). Focus groups are costly in terms of time and resources required but they are highly effective in getting the insights of the customer perception and psychologically complex behavioral data. As our research would be dealing with consumer perception therefore I would suggest the we should also be using the focus groups so that we can get the insights of consumer perception (Saunders et al., 2009). Data Analysis Methods Qualitative Analysis of Data When it comes to analyzing the data then we have two kinds of data analysis techniques in place, as the data is of two kinds, qualitative and quantitative there both of data kinds have different kinds of analysis techniques. Presented below are the data analysis techniques for both kinds of data along with the advantages and disadvantages of both. I have also shared that which data analysis techniques should be used in our named research why this data analysis technique will be helpful in getting the desired results. Interviews Evaluation When the researcher uses the interview techniques for their business research then the data analysis technique choice which is with researchers is interview evaluation. In this technique the interviewer evaluates the responses by their own criteria; this technique is helpful in social researches as it provides the information which is not available in documentation format (Eriksson and Kovalainen, 2008). The drawback of this technique is that it has the error of biasness on part of, interviewee and interviewer examiner, generally called social desirability bias. However when there is no other data collection technique is used the interview evaluation is the technique that can be used for the evaluation of the interviews (Eriksson and Kovalainen, 2008). Observations Evaluation For the business research and for empirical studies observation evaluation is the techniques that is widely being used, this techniques is also useful when focus group technique of data collection is used. The researcher can evaluate the focus group by observing the responses by the participants in the research. There are expected errors of biasness on both parts like participant can hide the information in the presence of others, and researcher can show the biasness in evaluating and interpreting the research information (Easterby-Smith et al., 2008). Therefore to avoid such biasness it is recommended that researchers should have a pre defined set of responses and their corresponding results, and evaluates the responses on the basis of such pre defined response set. Quantitative Analysis of Data For the data collected in research there is another analysis technique which is called quantitative analysis of data, this data analysis technique presents the more unbiased data results as the data is presented in quantitative form. Quantitative data analysis can be used for both qualitative data as well as for quantitative data. For this researcher have to convert the qualitative data into quantitative form and then data can be analyzed by using various statistical analysis tools (Saunders et al., 2009). The drawback of such analysis is that this only presents the data analysis in numerical form and the hidden observations can be omitted that are important in some cased. More over to use this technique researcher can only go for questionnaires. Quantitative data analysis is limited when used with other data collection techniques. Below we shall see the various quantitative data analysis techniques that can be used to interpret the data collected in our named research. Measures of Central Tendency This one of the most commonly used technique in quantitative analysis of data, measures of central tendency provides the information about how data is clustered around the central point, there are different tools to measure the central tendency but three of them are most commonly used, these are Mean, Median and Mode. Among them Mean is mostly used and calculated as the sum of all the values divided by the number of values (Saunders et al., 2009). The advantage of using central tendencies is that researcher can easily have a look on the center point of the data and can calculate the average response of any kind of question, however the disadvantage of the using this technique is that, it is affected by the extreme high or low values and the overall calculation of central point is affected by the extreme values (Saunders et al., 2009). Measures of Dispersion Along with the calculation of central tendency, it is always useful to work with the measure of dispersion; this technique calculates that how much the actual values are away from their center. This technique is useful in knowing the spread of data, and shows that the how much data is spread out; standard deviation and variance are the popular tools that calculate the dispersion of the data. So it is recommended for the researchers that when they are working with the quantitative analysis of the business research then they should be having the measures of dispersion calculated. For our named research that will be measuring the customer evaluation of the customer services, I have also recommended that standard deviation and variance should be calculated. This will help us know that how many of the customers are actually differing from the result that came as result of calculation of mean of the responses (Saunders et al., 2009). Statistical Tests Another way to analyze data statistically is to apply test on it, then confirm whether the data presented and hypothesis made in the study have the significance. Statistical tests can be presented as in two king of test one being the parametric tests and other being the non-parametric tests. Parametric tests be supposed to only be used when the data gathered from a study is actually satisfying different requirements (Coolican, 1994). More particularly, there should be some interval or data, and in statistical terms, the data should be normally distributed. The variances in the two conditions should be rationally comparable. On the other hand, non-parametric tests can always continue to be used, even when the necessities of parametric tests are content. It is always handy to make the hypothesis at the start of the research study and then test that hypothesis on the basis of some statistical test (Coolican, 1994). Correlation Studies Correlation studies are important in knowing the relationship and dependency of two variables with each others. When in business researcher, if researcher wishes to understand the relationship on two independent variable, for example the advertising spend with sales, then the correlation analysis is very helpful in determining the relationship. Correlation coefficient is calculated by using statistical analysis tools and can be negative and positive as well, negative correlation shows the negative relationship and positive correlation shows the positive relationship of the variables. For our named research we shall be measure the customer perception about customer service of retail store and customer loyalty of the customers of the same store. In this kind of research measuring the correlation coefficient of the two variables, customer service and customer loyalty, will be helpful to determine whether there is any effect of customer service on customer loyalty, such relationship help the researcher to understand the cause and effect of variables (Coolican, 1994). Cross Tabulation Cross tabulation is very useful tool, presented in the statistical analysis software as well. This tool helps the researcher compare the responses of the participants if two of more variables are understudy. These responses are presented in a tabulation form that show that how many participants have responded to two variables in the particular way. For our named research I shall recommend to use this tool. As we know that in our research we shall be measuring two variables, one is customer service perception and other is customer loyalty and both variables are being calculated for the same retail chain. Therefore cross tabulation will show the researcher that how many participants have rated both of the variables high and how many participants have rated both of the variables low, this will help in determining the relationship of the variables (Coolican, 1994). Conclusion This paper presents the data collection and data analysis tools for business researches, so that business research can be made for decision effective, in this paper I have analyzed that what are the various data collection methods that are available for business researches and what are data analysis methods that are available for the researchers, I have chosen the customer services research as sample and selected the data collection and data analysis method that are appropriate as per requirement of the research.

Essay on Shakespeare Alterations from the Original Macbeth

Mac Bethad mac Findlaà ­ch became king of the Scots after Duncan’s killing in 1040 and was murdered in 1057 by Malcolm III in battle . William Shakespeare immortalized Macbeth and his life story in his famous play which goes by the very same name: Macbeth. Shakespeare used Holinsheds Chronicles by Raphael Holinshed as his primary source, the basis for the plot of the play. Shakespeare made a considerable number of alterations in the story line and form. In this essay, I will explore what changes Shakespeare made and for what reason. In Macbeth, a thane Macbeth hears a prophecy by three witches: he will be king. Macbeth decides to take help faith and kill king Duncan. His character changes dramatically in Shakespeare’s narration and finally†¦show more content†¦If Shakespeare had not chosen to alter the not so palatable history he found in the Chronicles by adding sensational art and more dramatic effect, the play would not have conveyed the message in the very effective way it does now and with that emotional appeal, since â€Å"catching the conscience of Macbeth, and through him, of the audience was surely a major source of the play’s power and a source that helps immensely to explain why there is so much sensational art in the play.† In addition, the audience needed to be kept intrigued but â€Å"perhaps a major [other] purpose of sensational drama was to pare of the ‘brawniness’ from the consciences of the audience† . Another major alteration is the different character of Macbeth and Banquo as portrayed by Shakespeare in comparison to the Chronicles. Holinshed did not given a sufficient description of Macbeth’s character, which is not odd considering his purpose was to give a historical overview and not an extensive biography. On the other side of the coin, Shakespeare needed a well-defined character in order to write his play and convey his message, which entails characters’ metamorphoses. Therefore, Shakespeare altered Macbeth’s character and added some ideas of his own. Comparing the Chronicles and Macbeth, there is striking discord regarding Macbeth’s character when he eventually has become king. The Chronicles put forward all kinds of good laws implementedShow MoreRelatedChange of Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth Essay1674 Words   |  7 PagesChange of Macbeth in William Shakespeares Macbeth Throughout the course of the play, Macbeths character changes from good to evil. 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Business Ethics and Studio Habitat Indonesia Free Essays

STUDIO HABITAT CASE How to help low income houses clients while followed the architecture business ethics in Indonesia Everyone deserves a comfort, save, and beautifully well-designed house to live in. Unfortunately, there hardly ever an architect who is willing to get involved in a low budget house design project whereas in fact, an architect support is extremely needed in one. People need a particular architecture solution for their lack of budget, space, material, and opportunity in building a house. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Ethics and Studio Habitat Indonesia or any similar topic only for you Order Now On the other hand, the low budget house should be made with an ideal plan so it wouldn’t cost more than the fund they have. Which hopefully, can be done with a hand from an architect. A good low budget house should be a sturdy one, so that it could have a low maintenance and sustainable construction. It should have fine light and circulation thus it won’t need much electrical energy which also means saving the energy and expense The space should be properly designed in an exact space, thus every space available is properly used and the material and structure are effective and efficiently applied along with the necessity so that the building cost can also be economized. In Indonesia, the issue is crucial due to the need of good quality house supporting a good quality of life. With a well-constructed environment comes well social environment. The problem is the fact that most architects lack of awareness these days towards the need of middle class society for a good architecture. Not to mention the society which doesn’t seem to assume architecture as a fundamental issue. The main problem due to the problems, there is a very different opinion about how should architects deals with this matter. To make an affordable houses designed by an architect, first of all architect should lowering the rates below the standard rates decided by the Indonesian Architects Association. This is not a really ideal solution, because ethically those who want to create a price war in the business could misuse it. In the other hand, if we keep up with the standard fees, it was to high to be reach by the poor. The Affordable Houses Affordable housing and low cost housing are the most talked about issues in the real estate sector these days. However, there is a distinct difference between the two concepts. In the absence of an institutional rental market in Indonesia affordable and low cost housing denotes ownership and not rental housing. Low cost housing generally refers to cost effective housing that relies on ‘low cost technology’ that ensures similar quality and durability as compared to more commonly used technologies. In Indonesia, the affordable houses was definite by the government through some of the rules and laws and minimum standard, Indonesian government set some rules about it such as[1]: †¢ It provides a comfort, save, and proper shelter for the user †¢ It provides a proper air circulation, and ventilation for natural light †¢ It provides drainage, clean water, and a proper waste system †¢ It provides access to public facility †¢ It provides electricity More over, there is some standard minimum area of the houses so it would fulfill the criteria to be called as ideal affordable houses (on exhibit 1 2)[2] There’s still some unfinished points about this criteria and standards, for examples the government set up the standard height for ceiling in houses should about to be around 3. 2 meters from the floor. In fact, with a great design on the layout and opening for windows and doors, 2. 4 meters from the floor is all needed to had a proper, safe, comfort, and healthy affordable houses. Business ethics for architects in Indonesia Architects is someone creating an architecture[3]. The job is to make a real manifesto from the idea and the needs of a client. In doing their jobs an architect give a focus on some designs factors during the process, some of those are the style of the building, air circulation, natural light, ventilation, concepts, and the basic structure of the building, the materials that should be use, and so on. The working process would be start right after the architect had been chosen by the client, the next xtep is to collect all the neccessary data, surveys, and then the consultation begin. After the architect and the client had reach some agreement of how the design proccess should be done, the client gave the down payment no more than a 30% of total of the architects fee on the current project to get to the preliminary design process. It including the plan, elevation, and 3D image. Another 30% was given after, to start the works drawing, and at last another 30% to complete all the details and full drawing. There is no rules about the supervision during the construction process yet, but some architects takes 10% left as the supervision fee, and some ask for another contracts. According to The Indonesian architects association (known As IAI stands for Ikatan Arsitek Indonesia) the rules for an architect’s fee is classified through their experiences. So the senior the architect are, the more he or she should be paid[4]. There are 2 kind of fee classification according on year’s experiences. The first one is calculated from man/hour, man/month, even man/ year (see exhibit 3). The second is to calculate the fee from the total price of the projects. The basic fee is 6-9% for housing and 3-5% for public space[5]. This fee is the minimum standard to gain a quality control of architects works throughout Indonesia. Studio Habitat Studio Habitat is voluntary organization of students and professionals in the field of architecture that helps design for cost effective houses clients, doing the design process for free. During their works we had a partnership with Habitat for Humanity, an international nonprofit organization that helps families build safe, decent and affordable houses by providing labors and interest-free funding. Studio Habitat was established to answer the need for good design to help home partner (known as partner families as a clients) build their houses under Habitat program. Studio Habitat Indonesia, whose participants are mostly students of architecture helps to design houses for partner families. Students, who are used to designing houses on paper, get a chance to actually build their designs and learn something in the process. Ideally every Habitat for Humanity home partner that chooses to do so will have their house designed by participants of Studio Habitat Indonesia, under supervision of a mentor. The mentors are professional architects who volunteer for Habitat. Studio Habitat plays a more specific role, as architecture students are involved in designing houses, in addition to helping with the actual construction. The student become more adept in dealing with clients and we learn to be more sensitive to the need of the family in regard to their house is one of the benefits they get from joining Studio Habitat Indonesia. Students joining Studio Habitat talk to the homeowner. They survey the site and design the house in-group supervised by a mentor. Then they will give the workshop-draw to the Habitat for Humanity, and design the building budgeting plan. Afterwards the volunteers go to the location as the houses were built, to supervised and checked whether the workers had a problems on the building process. The Issue While Studio Habitat continuing to help the client, some problems occur. Some architects began to protest about the free-consultation concept this organization used. They don’t see any positive thing in a perspective of an architect to do such projects, and they afraid that this free-consultation idea would inspire some bad quality consultant to create some kind war of setting the price between architects. Some of them had bad experiences on meeting clients requested such a low price for the architect fee, and seeing this concept as a thread. This situation is not a new problem, for a long time certificated architects of The Indonesian architects association had struggled to compete the bad quality so called illegal-architects which selling their drawing per sheet on a very low prices. Others gave a free design, in exchange to use them as a contractor in the construction process. This is not just a thread to the architects, but also to the client, and more over it threatened the architecture business in Indonesia. To solve these problems, Indonesian architects association set the rules on the protection of the architecture business and tried to have it signed by the government on 2010. As for Studio Habitat, they create their own rules and criteria for up coming projects. It includes, the criteria of the client such as income, profession, family background, and so on. And for the houses they set the limits on budget, area, and function. And change the way they do the consulting process. The free consultation programs In brief, the idea is to provide a free of charge architecture consultation system for a low budget house design. The program should be held regularly from one to another middle class social area by turns in order to collect the data about related issue. As a result, this consultation might develop to a fund-raise or loan track activity for people with less budget, a coordination of community self-help activity done voluntarily, or low budget house renovation with followed by a fund raising. With a complete data, this program certainly can be a facility to provide source of information and education both for the architect and client as well. The targets of the program are low budget house clients who don’t know how to optimally spend their budget, space and opportunity. By planning a neat design of the house, the money can be spent properly, plus the rest of it could be used for another need. With a frequently updated data system, the information of building material price and execution charge could help to free from the possibility of deception. It can be sure that, with a well design, every cost spent is worthy and not useless. The most important part of the program is to gathering a number of architects who are willing to give voluntary consultation. And then followed up by finding fund supporting parties so that the consultation and design ideas are not only can be seen on the paper but can also be a realized. At last, forming a system among society to support each other, particularly in designing low budget house architecture within their environment which is not only limited to individual house for living but also public accommodations. The purpose of this program is to spread enthusiasm and idea that everyone deserves good architecture. Therefore, hopefully the community consists of society, architect as well as everyone interested, has been formed within a year. With a simple and low cost system, along with the ability to support individual through cooperation system, the program is wished to develop more and become an inspiration for other society and architect communities. Conclusion From a long, man-to-man consultation process, at the client house, to a short but mass consultation done in villages and traditional public space, The Studio Habitat had change their way of helping the low-income clients. Therefore, the target of the program would not be missed and not being misuse by irresponsible people. And starting from 2009, Studio Habitat is focused on designing prototype of an anti-disaster house for the government. The process is 90% done by the architecture student, within under Indonesian architects association considered as an internship programs member, and allowed to do the design process for free under supervision of certificated architects. The process would help to create a standard about what is architects and what can they do for their clients, so if a good design is for everyone their should be a specific ethics and laws on running the business. And to narrowed the gap between the architects and clients, the affordable houses for the low-income clients is the best way to do, while waiting for the government to step up with the legal laws. Exhibition 1 Number of room |Number of people | |1 |2 | |2 |3 | |3 |5 | |4 |7 | |5 |10 | Exhibition 2 |Area of the room |Max. erson/room | |4,64 m2 |0 | |4,64 – 6,5 m2 |0,5 | |6,5 – 8 m2 |1 | |8 – 10 m2 |1,5 | | 10 m2 |2 | Exhibition 3 ———————– [1] Health ministry of the republic of Indonesia Number 829/ Menkes/ SK/ VII/ 1999 [2] The standard room area for houses by general works and electricity department year 1972 [3] The manual guide year 2007 by The Indonesian architects association [4] www. iai. com How to cite Business Ethics and Studio Habitat Indonesia, Papers

Oliver Cromwell a Hero or a Villain free essay sample

Oliver Cromwell a Hero or a Villain BY lokenl 12 Oliver Cromwell was born in 25 April 1599 in a town in England called Huntington. He went to school at Huntington Grammar School then went to Sydney Sussex Collage at Cambridge. He studied law at Cambridge and then went to London and became the MP for Huntington in 1628 and MP for Cambridge in 1640. In 1630s Oliver Cromwell became Puritan due to a religious crisis and started to become a Radical Puritan when he elected to represent Cambridge, first in the Short parliament, then in the Long parliament. In Parliament, Oliver Cromwell was a strong critic of King Charles he 2nd and in 1642, when King Charles the 2nd started the English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell started to raise troops and Joined the Parliamentary forces, fighting against King Charles the 2nd. It is in the English Civil War where Oliver Cromwell gains his renown and fame. We will write a custom essay sample on Oliver Cromwell a Hero or a Villain or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In the beginning of the English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell became a cavalry commander. Even though he had no military experience, he had a good knowledge of horses due to his experience of being a large landowner. Oliver Cromwell rose thought the ranks really quickly first a colonel in 1643, then in 1644, Oliver Cromwell ecame Lieutenant-General of the OEastern Association Army and in 1645 he became Lieutenant-General of the New Model Army. The reason why Oliver Cromwell became such a good cavalry commander is because he knew a well-disciplined army is very important in war. Oliver Cromwell first noticed that Prince Ruperts cavalry were not very well disciplined and they do not rally after a charge, instead, Prince Ruperts cavalry Just pursuit their own targets. In the first major battle in the English civil war at the battle of Edgehill, Prince Ruperts cavalry did not return to the battlefield until 1 hour after he initial charge at the Parliamentary forces in which Prince Ruperts cavalry horses did not have the strength to mount another charge against enemy forces. Oliver Cromwell saw Prince Ruperts cavalry tactic flaws and made sure that his cavalry did not have the same flaws. Oliver Cromwell trained his cavalry to keep together after a charge so the cavalry can charge again and again. Oliver Cromwells cavalry was called the Ironsides due to how they cut their way though Royalist forces on the battlefield. In February 1645, Parliament decided to create the New Model Army, which is an rmy full of professional solders with its commander-in-chief being General Thomas Fairfax. The Head of cavalry was Oliver Cromwell and The New Model Army had 22,000 men who all received proper military training and when the New Model Army went to battle, they were very well disciplined. In The New Model Army, officers were promoted based on how good they were, not their heritage. This is the first time a working class person can become an army officer. The first battle that the New Model Army was an important victory for the Model Army first major battle took part outside the village of Naseby in Northampton hire on 14 June 1645. The battle for Naseby was a complete disaster for King Charles the 2nd. King Charles the 2nd complete stock of weapons and ammunition was in the Royalist baggage train, which was captured by the Parliamentarian forces during the battle for Naseby. This is an important fact as King Charles the 2nd could not supply weapons or ammunition to his army and so he could not raise another army strong enough to defeat the Parliamentarians army. In January 1647, King Charles the 2nd fled to Scotland where the Scots betrayed King Charles the 2nd and gave him back to the Parliamentarians. Charles was imprisoned n Hampton Court, but in November 1647 he escaped and managed to raise another army and convinced the Scots to help him. But in August 1648, The New Model Army defeated the Royalist army and the Scots. Oliver Cromwell and most of the New Model Army decided to overthrow part of parliament who wanted to disband the New Model Army because they did not get their pay, that part of the parliament believed the New Model Army had too much power and they did not wanted to execute King Charles the 2nd. In 1649 King Charles the 2nd was executed outside his Whitehall Palace. The Parliament passed a series of new laws. The monarchy, the House of Lords and the Anglican Church were abolished and the land own by them was sold and the money was us to pay the wages of the soldiers. People were no longer fined if they did not attend the local church but they were still expected to go to some religious practice. In August 1649, Cromwell and 12,000 soldiers arrived in Ireland to put down the rebellion. During the next ten years of bloodshed around one third of the Scottish population was killed or died of starvation. More then half that were killed were Catholic and Oliver Cromwell and his 12,000 men killed them. When Oliver Cromwell went back to England, the parliament was still called but it was Oliver Cromwell and the New Model Army who were in charged. In December 1653 the New Model Army decided to make Oliver Cromwell as England new ruler. The army wanted him to be king but Oliver Cromwell refused and instead took the title Lord Protector of the Commonwealth. However Oliver Cromwell had as much power as the king had. When the House of Commons opposed his policies in 1655, he closed it down. Now Oliver Cromwell is the king of England in all but name. Oliver Cromwell imposed military rule on England. He divided England into 11 districts with each to be run by a Major General who are Just a governor of each districts. The laws in each district are all different to each other. In some districts bear-baiting, cock-fghting, horse-racing and wrestling were banned. Betting and gambling were also forbidden. Large numbers of ale-houses were closed and fines were imposed on people caught swearing. In some districts, the Major-Generals even In 1655 Edward Sexby, John Wildman and Richard Overton were involved in developing a plot to overthrow the government. They were discovered and were forced to flee for their lives. In 1658 Cromwell announced that he wanted his son, Richard Cromwell, to replace him as Lord Protector of the Commonwealth. The English army was unhappy with this decision as Richard did not have any experience. Oliver Cromwell died on 3rd September 1658. His son became Lord Protector but in May 1659, the generals forced him to retire from government. Oliver Cromwell was a hero because he played an important part of showing how important the parliament was and how the king does not always act on people behalf and sometimes act on their own selfish needs and how their lives are similar to other eople. During the English Civil War, Oliver Cromwell was considered a hero due to how he commanded the cavalry on the battlefield and his tactics. In the end of the English Civil War, some of Oliver Cromwells achievement was how he tried to form a new Parliament and when that did not work he used the army officers as the Government. Oliver Cromwell is also a villain because of how many innocents he and his men killed and as Oliver Cromwell became Lord Protector of the Commonwealth, Cromwell started to become more ruthless and started to kill anyone in his way.

The Precursors to World War Two Essay Sample free essay sample

Upon the decision of World War One. much of Europe was in a shambles. In Germany. the state was enduring from terrible economic depression every bit good as a down spirit all ensuing from the ruinous loss in the Great War. From this. Adolf Hitler rose to power mostly on the footing that he would return Germany to its past glorification. At the centre of Hitler’s program for a return to illustriousness was the desire to spread out the imperium militarily. One of the measure steps Hitler had taken was a monolithic armed forces build up of the Rhineland every bit good as brief military incursions into adjacent states. Many in Europe were alarmed over this mobilization. but there was a desire to manage Hitler diplomatically. PM Chamberlain ( of Britain ) desired to avoid confrontation and negotiated a trade with Hitler claiming the accomplishment of â€Å"peace in our time† as Hitler had agreed to be content with his minor appropriations of states. We will write a custom essay sample on The Precursors to World War Two Essay Sample or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page History has proven that Britain made a MONUMENTAL error in misreading Hitler’s purpose. Hitler’s â€Å"National Socialism† was in desperate demand of natural resources in order to maintain the economic system of Germany afloat and it was his purpose of annexing and commanding the states of Western Europe. While Britain and France were marks. they did non recognize the badness of the state of affairs and finally were marked as enlargement marks. Hitler subsequently allied with the Soviet Union and invaded Poland. This action leads to the declaration of war on Germany by France and Britain. This was the start of World War Two and. in a surprise action Germany would turn on the USSR taking to the Soviets allying with Britain and France.

The Concept of Collective Consciousness, Defined

The Concept of Collective Consciousness, Defined Collective consciousness (sometimes collective conscience or conscious) is a fundamental sociological concept that refers to the set of shared beliefs, ideas, attitudes, and knowledge that are common to a social group or society. The collective consciousness informs our sense of belonging and identity, and our behavior. Founding sociologist Émile Durkheim developed this concept to explain how unique individuals are bound together into collective units like social groups and societies. How Collective Consciousness Holds Society Together What is it that holds society together? This was the central question that preoccupied Durkheim as he wrote about the new industrial societies of the 19th century. By considering the documented habits, customs, and beliefs of traditional and primitive societies, and comparing those to what he saw around him in his own life, Durkheim crafted some of the most important theories in sociology. He concluded that society exists because unique individuals feel a sense of solidarity with each other. This is why we can form collectives and work together to achieve community and functional societies. The collective consciousness, or  conscience collective  as he wrote it in French, is the source of this solidarity. Durkheim first introduced his theory of the collective consciousness in his 1893 book The Division of Labor in Society. (Later, he would also rely on the concept in other books, including Rules of the Sociological Method, Suicide, and The Elementary Forms of Religious Life.)  In this text, he explains that the phenomenon is the totality of beliefs and sentiments common to the average members of a society. Durkheim observed that in traditional or primitive societies,  religious symbols, discourse, beliefs, and rituals fostered the collective consciousness. In such cases, where social groups were quite homogenous (not distinct by race or class, for example), the collective consciousness resulted in what Durkheim termed a mechanical solidarity - in effect an automatic binding together of people into a collective through their shared values, beliefs, and practices. Durkheim observed that in the modern, industrialized societies that characterized Western Europe and the young United States when he wrote, which functioned via a division of labor, an organic solidarity emerged based on the mutual reliance individuals and groups had on others in order to allow for a society to function. In cases such as these, religion still played an important role in producing collective consciousness among groups of people affiliated with various religions, but other social institutions and structures would also work to produce the collective consciousness necessary for this more complex form of solidarity, and rituals outside of religion would play important roles in reaffirming it. Social Institutions Produce Collective Consciousness These other institutions include the state (which fosters patriotism and nationalism), news and popular media (which spreads all kinds of ideas and practices, from how to dress, to who to vote for, to how to date and be married), education (which molds us into compliant citizens and workers), and the police and judiciary (which shape our notions of right and wrong, and direct our behavior through threat of or actual physical force), among others. Rituals that serve to reaffirm the collective conscious range from parades and holiday celebrations to sporting events, weddings, grooming ourselves according to gender norms, and even shopping (think Black Friday). In either case - primitive or modern societies - collective consciousness is something common to the whole of society, as Durkheim put it. It is not an individual condition or phenomenon, but a social one. As a social phenomenon, it is diffused across society as a whole, and has a life of its own. It is through collective consciousness that values, beliefs, and traditions can be passed down through generations. Though individual people live and die, this collection of intangible things, including the social norms connected to them, are cemented in our social institutions and thus exist independent of individual people. Most important to understand is that collective consciousness is the result of social forces that are external to the individual, that course through society, and that work together to create the social phenomenon of the shared set of beliefs, values, and ideas that compose it. We, as individuals, internalize these and  make the collective consciousness a reality by doing so, and we reaffirm and reproduce it by living in ways that reflect it.

Articulating The Importance Of Leadership On School Essay

Articulating The Importance Of Leadership On School - Essay Example An educational leader should have the ability to understand himself and develop sufficient self-confidence. Whenever a person develops believe in himself, he or she has the ability to fulfill many things. Those educational leaders who have self-confidence do not get scared or nervous when placed in a position that challenges them to make decisions. In this perspective, they should know how they are supposed to start each day to lead the school, the students as well as their fellow teachers. This way, they would be able to help them accomplish the desired goals of a classroom as well as the school. A good educational leader should be in possession of excellent communication skills. It is not possible for a leader to head a particular group if he is unable to communicate with them. A good leader is able to reach a large number of people through various ways. For example, the principal may have a face-to-face conversation with his subordinates every week as well as send them email updat es every day (Chiappetta, 2004). An education leader is supposed to be resourceful and open to new ideas. For example, with the improvement of technology and the prevailing economic times, educators should be open to new concepts for them to change the classroom or educational environment. Additionally, an educational leader should learn how to use the resources that available. A good leader does not just set his own way, but he uses the information available to him and applies to the future resources.  

Asian Americans V.S. African Americans Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Asian Americans V.S. African Americans - Essay Example With time, these conflicts have intensified as their number keeps on increasing. Economic strength has also greatly enhanced intensity of conflict between these two groups. The battle over who is superior to the other economically seems to intensify as each group try to take control over the other (Andersen, et al 239). Limited economic resources are not enough to cater for everyone thus creating division between those who have and those who do not have. To weaken each other economically, these groups destroy properties that belong to the other group like it was witnessed in 1992 during the ‘Black – Asian’ conflict. In addition, many Asians have made money, by venturing into businesses in the areas occupied by the Africans. Because of anti-black racism that discriminates Africans in America, such as getting loan to start business, many Africans are unable to venture into business. Due to this fact, Africans feel that the Asians are siphoning money from them. Media is another cause, which has been fueling racial conflict between Asians and Africans. Africans are depicted in media as arrogant, gangsters, lazy and poor. On the other hand, Asians are depicted as hardworking, eager to please and opportunistic. Such notions portrayed by media every now and then fuel the rivalry between these two groups (Chang 4). Cultural practices and customs is another root cause of conflict between Asians and Africans in America. Each group has its diverse culture, which it follows and respect. Fear of their culture being dominated or absorbed completely makes the two groups to distance from each other (Takaki 7). A conflict arises as each group try to maintain the benefits of their culture and disrespect cultural practices of the other group. The difference in skin color between Asians and Africans is another cause of conflict between them. Asians compares themselves to white

Patient Classification System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3750 words

Patient Classification System - Essay Example This perception distinguishes important patient characteristics and helps in staffing procedures for fairness in patient staffing and enhancing excellence of care and performance. Information acquired with the use of the PCS can be used by nurse leaders to efficiently and impartially lobby for proper patient care resources (Harper, et al. 2007). To get the required care that is adequate to their uneven patterns of acuity, patients repeatedly shifted a number of times throughout their small of stay in hospital. Because of these shifting, patients some times miss or get their treatment delayed which in turn cause medication errors, patients falling, and personal contact with several caregivers or related health experts. This cause an enlarged workload index, responsibilities and physical movement, which is innate in existing nursing care models and it attach no worth to patients’ care outcomes. The majority of tools for gauging acuity do not reflect on the effects of repeated shifting of patients on healthcare centers or nursing units. However, the estimate of slanted procedures for patients’ acuity, transformed to a workload index, is the process the majority nursing division resources and plans the number of nursing hours per patient day. Present day’s customary nursing unit might move or discharge an astounding 40% to 70% of its patients each day. A rational workload index is a vital evaluator of withholding of nurses; therefore, it is a main area of prospect as it is linked to the flow of patients and the progress of innovative nursing care models. Throughout the last decade, the difference between critical care and medical-surgical care units was uncertain with a rising acuity of patients, ensuing in the development of progressive care units. Patients are admitted to progressive care units as the patients need immediate mechanical aeration, infusions of vasopressors, or physiological

Barriers to Adult Learners

Barriers to Adult Learners Contents (Jump to) Introduction BARRIERS TO ADULT LEARNERS Situational barriers Institutional barriers Dispositional barriers Academic barriers Employment training barrier Cultural and socio-economic barriers OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO ADULT LEARNING CONCLUSION References Introduction Courtney, S. (1989) Adult Education is an intervention into the ordinary business of lifean intervention whose immediate goal is change, in knowledge or in competence. An adult educator is one, essentially, who is skilled at making such interventions. Who are adult learners? Adult learners are normally considered as the learners who are over the age of 25 years. They are normally referred as non-traditional students. Adult learners group has different abilities, wide range of educational backgrounds and cultural backgrounds. They have more responsibilities and experiences. In traditional education system, as soon as students finish the high school, they enrol in tertiary education. It can be a diploma or an undergraduate program. Adult learner typically doesn’t follow the traditional education system. â€Å"The adult education is also called â€Å"workforce education† (Mary Jo Self, Ed.D.) Learning is a life-long process. It starts from the very first day of life to the very last day of the life. Most of the people think that, the learning or studying happens only in school or college life. This thinking may be more from the adults. Adult learners will have many responsibilities unlike a fresh high school student. Most of the adults are full time workers and full time parents too. They always have many barriers to learn. These barriers can be divided into various categories. It can be physical barrier, attitudinal barrier or a structural barrier. It is true that adults always face some challenges that younger people don’t have to face. Some of the studies show that many adult women also face lots of barriers like early pregnancy, low socio-economic status and child care and many more as a barrier to learn. These barriers will be broadly discussed. A fundamental aspect to continuing higher education is identifying and overcoming of barriers to adult learning. The main purpose of this assignment is identifying why adults are less in learning process. In this way, I will mainly focus on the barriers to adult learning. Later in the assignment, I will try to provide some ideas to overcome or reduce the barriers in adult learning. BARRIERS TO ADULT LEARNERS A very basic aspect to continuing higher education is to identify and overcome the barriers to adult learning. â€Å"Adult learners are an increasing population in higher education. Between 1969 and 1984, the number of adults participating in education programs increased 79 percent† (Kristen M. De Vito, Eastern Illinois University). This group of students take learning as a serious work. This group of learners share are large quantity of number students learning in an educational institution. Even though, the number adult learners are increasing day by day there are many barriers for them to learn and to become successful in their life. The barriers to adult learning can be described as follows. Situational barriers Institutional barriers Dispositional barriers Academic barriers Employment training barriers Cultural barriers Situational barriers The situation barriers mostly occur with respect to a certain situation. Due a unfavourable condition in life, some adult do not want participate in learning. Sometime, these conditions make them frustration to go to an educational instate. This barrier is mostly working related or family conditions. There may be a huge number of responsibilities that one has to carry out at the same time. These responsibilities may be more important than going to an educational institute. Due to these unfavourable situations the opportunity to learn and to educate will be very much narrowed for those learners. This barrier may include: Busy work schedule: Most of the adults who are willing learn will be working to earn. Due the busy schedule in their work place, they may not get enough time to go an educational institution. Sometime, due to high living expenses, they may be working more than one place to earn. Their busy schedule may have no time to allocate for studying. The working men and women might have to face this barrier. Family and children: This barrier mainly may face to women. Most of the times, in many societies’ women are responsible for family and children especially. They have to look after children, feeding them, taking them to school or any other house works are mainly done by the women. This condition will even worm if a couple live alone because there may be no one or a few to look after the children. Men also have to face such a situation. Financial problems: Many people stop studying after the high school due to financial problems. That is the one of the main reasons why people join workforce, to earn. Most of the times, adult learners do not earn enough money to spend for their tuition fee. This is very big concern for the most of the adults who want learn and most of the people stop their learning process at point. This is one of the biggest issues that adult learners might face in Maldives. Lack of child care services: Child care centres will help people to move to jobs and as well as to study if time allows for them. But, sadly, this service is rare in many developing and underdeveloped countries. For example, in Maldives, hardly we have any childcare centre. Transportation: This is also one of the conditions that people might face. If there is a good transportation systems people can travel from home to the place of study. Unfortunately, the transportation system may not be very systematic much rural area in the world or may be expensive to travel from one place to another. In addition to above mentioned situational conditions, some other situations that put a barrier to learn are sensory or learning disability, lack of support from others like from family or employer. Institutional barriers Institutional barriers are the inconveniences faced from the educational institutions. This difficulty may be either the design of the course, method of delivering lectures or even sometimes administrative difficulties. Institutional barriers happen intentionally or unintentionally. Some of the institutional barriers include: Difficulty in paying tuition fees: Some of the educational institutes are very strict in paying tuition fees for them. Such institutions have very fixed dates to pay or a very short time line to pay the tuition fees. Due the lack of money or lack of time adult learners may face lots of barriers to pay the tuition fees. Some of the learners may quit the programmes because of this difficulty. Inconveniences faced due to improper scheduling of the programs: There are cases that institutions often offer full-time programmes for the learners. This wills a big issue for the adult learners, since they are working to earn. Attending to a full time programmes will be impossible to an adult learner. No courses are available to meets learners needs: This is again one of the obstacles that leaners might have to face. There may a very limited number of courses available in an accessible institution. There are no wide varieties of programmes available. This will cause adult learners to stop at a point. Lack of necessary qualification to enter the programme: This is again another problem that adult learners or even regular learners might have to face. Since the adult learners are mostly involving in the work skill programmes, they have to stop at this point. Most of the adult learners may not want go back and study as a traditional students so that they can gain enough qualification to enter the programme of their choice. Location: The location of an educational institute also plays an important role to participate adults in learning process. In many cases, the educational institutes are located in developed areas. This will benefit only to those who lives in that area. If we look at the Maldives, most of the adults in atolls will face this problem because almost all the tertiary educational institutions are located in Male’. Though they want study they will not have enough access because of the location. Dispositional barriers Dispositional barriers are connected with the internal or personal factors that put a barrier to learn for adults. This barrier mainly talks about the learners’ attitude to learn. Many adult learners may have negative attitude towards learning. This may be due to age factor and/or may be fewer results are made in the past studies. Of course, if a person did not make a good result in their traditional education system then then most of the people will have a negative attitude to learn in future. This will affect their psychological aspects in learning. The age factor is also an important dispositional factor that can be described as a dispositional factor. People might think they are too old to go for an educational institute. They might ignore the fact that, â€Å"learning is a lifelong process†. There are some situations where the learner might be too sick to carry out the task of leaning. â€Å"Health issues emerged from our fieldwork as a major barrier for learners and potential learners† (Peter Bates and Jane Aston, 2004) .The availability of time is also an important factor. Due to busy of an adult, they might not have enough time to attend an educational institution. The adult are full time workers, full time parents and when they join for education they become full time students too. Not everybody has potential to study with this very schedule in their life. The personal affairs like job, child and family care are more important for them than learning. There is another problem that some adults might think, â€Å"they don’t require any more education.† This may because of peer pressure or how their peers are behaving. Moreover, just after the high school, some people will get a good job which will give a decent amount of salary. This is sometime a barrier for them to come back to learn. In addition to that, inadequate language skill or not having any interest for learning are the factors that will affect the adult learni ng. Academic barriers This barrier includes the needed skills for future learning. This barrier may include the lack of language skills which are very much important in learning process. This skill actually helps to access the information of any form. If the learners cannot access the information, how they can learn. The ability to play with the numbers is also an important factor. Of course, all will understand (if they are literate) basic mathematics. But numerical skills are important for further studies. Today is the information age. Every work is done by using internet and computers. So the basic skill in information technology will be very important. Inadequate skills in computer and IT will put a barrier for some of the adult learners. If a person of academically not good in his/her childhood and teenage, then that will still remain as a barrier for them even though they want goes for higher studies. Employment training barrier These are the barrier in the work place. This may include the factor like not supporting from the employer for adult learners. Moreover, the employer will give much preference to well educated workers for giving / sending for seminars, workshops and/or any other training programmes. The less educated workers will be left over most of the times. Very often, work place, women are given less preference than male while selecting for a training programme. This might create bad impression to learn by the women. The immigrants are also given less preference than locals for training programmes. Most of the employers might think that training women and less educated people will not bring much economic welfare of the employer. Cultural and socio-economic barriers Cultural barriers are basically the barriers due to culture. In some cultures, it believe that women don’t have to go for work and as well as for higher study. The belief that girls should marry at an earlier age will almost stop the girls to go for higher studies. The socio-economic status of the society will also play important role adult learners. As discussed above, in some societies, people will get marry at the earlier and get pregnant soon. This is a big barrier for adults specially women very often. In addition to that, large families, poor economic conditions and unemployment are also barriers to adult learning. OVERCOMING BARRIERS TO ADULT LEARNING Helping adult learners to overcome the barriers is not an easy work or even not possible in some cases. The barriers that adult learners’ face will not be able to fix in overnight. To overcome the barriers, learners need long term support and working environment must need a change. Moreover educational institutes require changes in their administrative and curriculum issues. The adult learners and employers need to create close relationship. With this relationship, the employers can help the learners to learn and create a positive environment for the learners. They may provide some more free time, and also can provide study leave for the adult learners. This will encourage them to participate more in learning process. The institutions must be more flexible and understanding. Institutions have to recognise that adult learners are working people and/or looking after a family, so they cannot be compared as regular traditional learners. The rigid policies and regulations for traditional learners will not work for the adult learners. The rule and regulations must be flexible enough to meet the requirements of the adult learners. They require more help than the mainstream learners. Some flexibility with the adult learners may include, developing flexible policies on punctuality, attendance and schedule that are best suit for the learners so that adult learners can cater for their work and for their family. As mentioned above, the demography is a great barrier for adult learners to participate in learning process. To overcome this, introduction of distance learning with the technological advances can be best used. In this way, the busy adult learners do not have to attend the institute campus. â€Å"Distance learning is an excellent method of teaching adult learners because they need flexibility to contend with competing priorities† (Galusha, Jill M, 1998). They can stay at home and can study on their own. Moreover, they can contact with their lecturers via technology using the appropriate portals established by the educational institute. This will reduce the barriers to transport. This also will solve the problems of strict attendance face by the adult learners. â€Å"Adults studying online have a higher GPA than traditional counterparts† (Schreyer Institute for Teaching Excellence, 2007). Lack of information about the educational opportunities available for adult learner is a big threat for them. This threat need to be avoided so that adult learner have chance to participate in a program of their choice. For this, proper advertising of appropriate form should be selected. If all the information is available on internet, there may be many who cannot reach. Moreover, the employers can play an important role in spreading information. Just a notice for staffs will do more than we think. The barrier within the working environment should be avoided even by using rules and regulation. The employer can arrange in such a way that the leaners can be released from the work to a certain extent to attend classes. Moreover, the training programmes should be arranged in such a way that all the required employees are benefited. Moreover, to overcome the barriers the following actions can be taken: Media campaign using different media to aware and encourage about adult learning. Give more focus on breaking the barriers related with culture. The educational institutes can develop the programmes that are flexible to adult learners such evening class or part – time study programmes of flexible attendance. Flexibility in course completing time is very important. Improving child care services to look after the children so as to help the learner to spend time in working environment as well as study environment. Provide financial supports to adult learners using low interest study loans, paid leaves, or study allowances. Accept that adult learners are busy learners who have taken the decision to join to your program. Celebrate their bravery and willingness to try. CONCLUSION Have you ever wondered why adults are still looking for the opportunities to learn? They seek out and learn new knowledge and skills. But there are barriers for adult learns. Barriers are found to be situational; which are mostly family and work related issues such as looking after children, busy work schedule and lack of support from the employer and/or from the family. Barriers are also found to be institutional: in which it occurs from the side of the educational institutes such as policies and practices related with adult learners. This can be inconvenient scheduling, rigid attendance, lack of proper course or lack of financial supports due to high tuition fees. Dispositional barriers are related with attitudes of the learners such as lack of confidence, health related issues or not wanting study furthermore, and weak performance in academic areas in past. The barriers can be academic; this happens because of not enough language and numerical skills. Some cultural and religious b eliefs also put a barrier for adult learners to learn which is known as socio-economic barriers. With these barriers, the adult learners are increasing and scoring better than the traditional main stream students. So together with employers, institution and learners themselves have try to reduce the barriers to adult learning. References Ellu Saar and Eve-Liis Roosmaa (2010, 7th February): Overcoming obstacles to adult learning. Paper presented at Life Long Learning 2010 Final International Conference. Houle, C. (1996).The Design of Education(2ndEd.)San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 41. Simon Martin (2011), Barriers to adult learning and training in rural churches, The Arthur Rank Centre Galusha, J. M. (1998). Barriers to Learning in Distance education. ERRIC Bates, P Aston, J (2004). Overcoming Barriers to Adult Basic Skills in Sussex. Falmer; Brighton: UK Medscape.com (2009), An Overview of Adult Learning Processes,  Retrieved from  http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/547417_4 Chao, R. (2009), Understanding the Adult Learner’s motivation and barriers to Adult Learning,. Retrieve from http://www.academia.edu/ Kristen M. De Vito (2009), Implementing Adult Learning Principles to overcome barriers of learning in continuing higher education programs. Online Journal of Workforce Education and Development. Sreb.org. 2014. Who is the Adult Learner? [Online] Retrieve from, http://www.sreb.org/page/1397/who_is_the_adult_learner.html Aminath Nazeera

A Trip To Panama City :: essays research papers

A Trip To Panama City Day 1:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We arrived at Omar Torrijos airport via American Airlines early in the afternoon. We purchased our required tourist cards (3 balboas, as US dollars are called in Panama) at the airport, then caught a taxi for the 18 mile ride to our downtown hotel. The ride in the battered, un-airconditioned car was rather expensive (30 balboas), but the driver spoke English and was very friendly. We arrived at the hotel and checked in. While my dad was checking in I bought a guidebook in the hotel lobby and read up on the history of Panama City. The original city was founded in 1519 by Pedro Arias Davila, known as Pedrarias the Cruel, because of his eradication of all but three of the local Indian tribes during his tenure in Panama. Davila used the city as a place to store Incan gold before it was shipped to Spain. The original city was sacked and burned in 1671 by a group of buccaneers led by Henry Morgan. The city was rebuilt within a year, this time on a peninsula 18 miles away and surrounded by a strong wall. This old Spanish city is now the in the middle downtown Panama City.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Panama City is an international melting pot and its eating choices range from American fast food to excellent internationall cuisine. Eager to begin our sightseeing, we grabbed lunch at a nearby McDonald's after checking in then caught a bus. The buses in Panama are a tourist attraction in themselves. They are brightly painted, hung with fringe, and have constantly blaring Salsa and Caracas music playing. They are cheap (50 cents a ride). but are very crowded. After asking several drivers â€Å"Donde va este autobus?† we finally found one going to the Plaza Independencia. This plaza is the main square of the colonial town and is bordered on one side by a cathedral with twin mother of pearl towers that took 108 years to complete. On two other sides it is bordered by the Archbishop's Palace, now a university and the Central Post Office. While in the old part of Panama City we also visited the Iglesia de San Jose and saw the Golden Aaltar. This altar was in the original Panama City and was saved from Henry Morgan's pirates by a monk who painted it black to disguise it. When we finished touring we returned to our hotel and then ate dinner at El Pez de Ora, one of the city' famous seafood restaurants. Day 2:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We woke early and headed out for a morning of shopping at the Mercado

Due Process Model

I believe that the due process model (which puts emphasis on an individuals rights) is essential and should constantly be our primary focus of this criminal justice system, although under the due process model there is a probability of criminals being set free or acquitted due to some technicality where individuals rights had been violated. As humans, we make mistakes and as we grow, we will learn from such mistakes. To affirm that those rights would not be violated again, but to allow a persons to be wrongfully convicted and sent to prison is a mistake that is unforgivable, one that can not be held to the standard â€Å"we live and we learn† and in my opinion, shows our justice system at it’s weakest. The Fourth Amendment posses the right against unreasonable search and seizure and probable cause is set forth so that law enforcement cannot conduct searches without proper evidence. The combination of the due process model and the right against illegal search and seizures will allow for authorities to rightfully obtain the information and evidence required for a conviction without the problem of the direct violation of an individuals rights. The Fifth Amendment declares that, †¦nor shall any person†¦ be compelled in any criminal case to be a witness against himself†¦ â€Å"The right to remain silent. † The accused should not have to testify or say anything that would incriminate them. Under the due process model the accused is â€Å"innocent until proven guilty. If believed to be â€Å"in fact† guilty of a crime, it is law enforcement duty to collect any evidence that would affirm that belief. No person should be forced to self incriminate or to the confession of guild. The Sixth Amendment allows the right to a speedy trial. Unfortunately, this is not usually the case. The system is often under very heavy workloads and the proper preparation of cases. Therefore the accused is unfairly made to wait weeks sometimes months for their trial. Meanwhile the suffering of that individual and their family member increases by the day. With the due process model, those individuals would immediately be brought to trial. The Eighth Amendment apposes the use of cruel and unusual punishment. Once again, and individual is innocent until proven guilty. However, once accused of a crime the stigma is imposed and one will be â€Å"guilty† in some eyes regardless of what has or has not been proven and sometimes, I fear, one would be treated in a cruel and unusual manner. With the due process model, no persons accused would ever be harmed, physical or otherwise in any way.

Eradicating Poverty essays

Eradicating Poverty essays Poverty is a complex multidimensional problem in which Chapter 3 of Agenda 21 provides the outline for a comprehensive attack. To promote better standards of living in a better global environment, Agenda 21 stresses the need for poverty eradication as the priority among problems hindering sustainable development. The current internationally excepted description of poverty is very clear and specific. Mark Mallock Brown, United Nations Development Program (UNDP) Administrator, described the poor as people who are "lacking adequate food, shelter, water and sanitation" (Global Dialogue). More than 1 billion people, or about one fifth of the worlds population live under conditions of extreme poverty. Of the 4.6 billion people in developing countries, almost 800 million are not getting enough food, more than 850 million are illiterate, and over 1 billion people lack access to clean water supplies. The world's poorest countries, most of them in Africa, contain 10 percent of the world's population. Their share in global trade is not even a percent, stressing their dire need for financial and technical assistance on long-term and almost interest free, if not non-refundable, aid (Combating Poverty). Anna Koffi, United Nation Secretary Genreal said, The poor are seldom poor by choice. Very few people in this world enjoy living on handouts. Most poor people know they are quite capable of earning their living by their own efforts, and are eager to do so. But they must be given a fair chance to compete (Statement on the challenge). Most poor people cannot overcome their problems because they do not have access to adequate resources and support. I believe we need to reduce poverty by implementing solutions so that the poor can overcome poverty. The population growth is fastest among the poorest and in the poorest countries; and in the recent years, poverty is among the most significant contributing factor to environm...

Beyond Good and Evil What is noble

Beyond Good and Evil What is noble Key Characteristics that Comprise the ‘Noble Man’ Nietzsche exposes the wanting state of the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries’ moral rationale, highlighting the most challenging, yet simple, prescription of embracing the all unaltered natural law on the order of human existence as the only credible solution which can restore man to self re-discovery and to realizing the initial moral code of expression (Nietzsche, 2004, p. 219).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Beyond Good and Evil: What is noble? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It has hitherto been the concern of our aristocratic society to discover and define the various perspectives of exalting ‘man’ since time began, unknown to us that our society is stratified into varied ‘social status cocoons’ in a drive to define human worth (Nietzsche, 2004, p. 212). These social cocoons which have been handed down from genera tion to generation- currently still prevailing steadily mar the human society with such moral decadence as oppression, slavery, corruption and the vain embrace of vanity. Societal moral decadence is best evidenced in the uninformed self justification, self righteousness, the ardent desire for self actualization and self realization, the drive for recognition, and the craving for power – even the earnest desire to retain power (Nietzsche, 2004, p. 212) .Hence, the once noble man has deteriorated in personal and societal degradation to the point of subjecting him/herself to weak and beggarly moral codes of justification standards. Aristocracy has bequeathed us with records of the ever enduring and prevailing corruption trends, yet the aristocrat has forsaken his kingly prerogative and yielded to mere functions of loyalty (Nietzsche, 2004, p. 213). This has paved the way for the popular fundamental principles of the world to take root and gain preeminence, which has indoctrinate d man to blindly ape the strivings of men so that he/she may not suffer reproach, rejection or exploitation – culminating to the festering and incurable wound of sacrificing one’s own will; self denial. To escape these strong delusions, the noble man critically analysis their basis and resists all the loopholes which suppress man’s autonomy (Nietzsche, 2004, p. 213). The prevailing diversity of moralities can be classified into two distinct forms; the master- morality and the slave morality, on the basis of who formulates societal moralities (Nietzsche, 2004, p. 214). The former originates from the ruling caste, who gladly assumes superiority over the ruled and the latter from the suppressed peasants. Master- morality’s view of the ‘good’ regards the social status (order of rank), is exalted, parades itself and is of a proud disposition. The noble man, on the other hand, approves himself as the designer of moral values, he seeks no human prai se rather he makes rational moral decisions upon examining all parameters (Nietzsche, 2004, p. 214).Advertising Looking for essay on philosophy? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In essence, he is not only true and kind to himself but also to his fellow humans. He is generous to the needy and refrains from doing those moral practices which are offensive to himself; for in so doing he in one way or the other declares the act offensive in itself to all humanity, thus guiding and protecting humanity from ills (Nietzsche 2004, p. 214). Survival for the fittest’ has characterized the aristocratic community in all human settings, for instance, the aristocratic common wealth of Venice with men poised to power retention under all cost, with great struggle for resources- men seek their species to prevail lest they be exterminated (Nietzsche, 2004, p. 215). Yet the noble man conducts himself safely, in a good natured mann er, is somewhat stupid and is prone to deception. He bears all the scone for slave morality, being at the threshold of being deprived his autonomous rights. Universal moral trends are cross cutting and need to be within easy access to all human social strata, for instance, the fundamental desire for freedom, the instinct for happiness, and the autonomous liberty are as much a right to the slave morality as they are for the estimation of the aristocratic society (Nietzsche, 2004, p. 215).This is the underlying principle which demystifies the cross cutting passion for love in all moral settings of the human society. Vanity is arguably one of the most complex and difficult things for the noble man to understand; it baffles the noble man’s mind on how vanity finds its authentic applicability in social and moral settings of the human community (Nietzsche, 2004, p. 216). One would readily deny it even when he is attached to and upholds it, upon examination through inquisitive inter rogation. While one may approve of the concept of vanity in human settings, there is a great risk of mistaken identity as pertains to one’s own values, yet at the same moment seeking a proper acknowledgement from people based on the precise estimation of his/her value (Nietzsche, 2004, p. 217). Otherwise, the noble man would find him/her self in compromising situations whereby he/she would be compelled to concur with other people’s ideas centrally to his/her convictions. Thus, of necessity the noble man ought to understand that from ancient days the ordinary man was that, which he passed for. This would give him/her the audacity, courage and the autonomy to assert and uphold his/her convictions (Nietzsche, 2004, p. 217). The human instinct of rank is above a true reflection of a higher rank to which all reverence should be duly and gladly ascribed. It is thus in accordance to tester of souls, with the noble aim of establishing the ultimate value of a soul, to let those things which are not of the highest rank occasionally occur and refine the unalterable rank of the soul (Nietzsche, 2004, p. 218).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Beyond Good and Evil: What is noble? specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More For, as surely as the highest order exists, even so would every object of defilement be expelled, when the soul yields to what is worthy all due respect. Contrary to the perceived notion that no one should touch anything, that there are holy experiences before which one must take off their shoes and keep away the unclean hand, the noble man recognizes his royal position of rank and goes right into the order of the highest rank (Nietzsche, 2004, p. 218). The moral constitution in the soul of every child is subject to that of his ancestors and cannot be easily effaced, even so not now, thus a child draws the persistent plebeians of all times; varied offensive incontinences, sordid envies and clumsy self-vaunting from their ancestors as surely as bad blood (Nietzsche, 2004, p. 218). A noble man is egoistic, belonging to the essence of the ‘high rank nobles’, to whom other beings must naturally subject themselves. On account of true justice, the noble man accepts the unalterable fact of his egoism without reservations for it is a true endorsement of natural laws (Nietzsche, 2004, p. 219). The noble man also, does recognize and appreciate the fact that there are other equally favored as he, and thus liberates himself by taking his place in enjoying the natural endowments with fellow ‘high rank nobles’. He honors himself in other people by giving and sharing liberally as the natural law of requital prompts him, for even the law is within him (Nietzsche, 2004, p. 220). The noble man is exalted, yet does not regard it. He is swayed humbled and brought low, yet he unflinchingly knows that he is at the top (Nietzsche, 2004, p. 220). Nietzsche Frie drich. Beyond Good and Evil. New York. Barnes Noble, 2004. Print.

The Report on Presidential Elections Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Report on Presidential Elections - Essay Example The candidates have their own parties some of which are fragmented. The electoral laws advocate that the candidates should employ an interactive model, which incorporates the political influence of institutions and social cleavages. Social cleavages are linked with social identity because in electoral institutions or in the society, there are always divided groups. This may determine the way the society behaves towards voting for their preferred presidential candidate. The empirical research in comparative politics reveals that social cleavages impact the number of presidential candidates or parties in the election process. The electoral process has been a political issue in the late 20th century; thus, many political scholars provide their viewpoints that the electoral policies should exercise an outstanding self-governing effect on the political party system. The electoral exercises are determined by the electoral laws of a state and they depend on the party systems. The electoral laws exercise significant roles in the political society because of the independent effect they create on the party system. The research indicates that the electoral system influence on a party system is significant and it is unpretentious when comparing it with the effect of sociological factors (Jones 106). The issue of the party system fragmentation is one of the causes that creates varying degree in the presidential elections.... Thus, they advocated on the use of interactive model in assessing the combined political institution influences and social cleavages on the party fragmentation. Therefore, they came up with the solution of employing interactive model in political institutions. Though, the model is unclear as to whether it can be beneficial in understanding the party fragmentation in presidential elections. Understanding the party fragmentation determinants in the presidential elections is crucial because of the three main reasons. One of the reasons is that presidential elections exercise significant effect on the party system and the electoral laws (Jones 74). Another one is that the fragmentation level of the party system in the electoral laws may have a strong impact on the nature of the administration in the presidential democratic system. For example, one party government and the coalition government or effective or ineffective legislation; thus contributing to party fragmentation. The greater t he fragmentation levels the more problems in identifying the probable governance option in the presidential elections (Jones 74). Many voters can be incapable of making effective choice in the presidential elections because of party fragmentation and poor electoral legislation. The presidential election with weak legislative support may end up being deemed as candidates with undesirable traits in fragmented party systems. The influence of electoral policies is restrictive on the extent of social cleavages polity. The social cleavages seem to impact effective presidential election process; thus, many scholars argue that institutional and interactive models are among the effective approaches in competitive presidential elections. Dickson and Scheve (351) argue that social cleavage can provide

Source Analysis paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Source Analysis paper - Essay Example The Declaration of Independence changed the ideas about natural rights. As John Locke says that, â€Å"The natural Liberty of man is to be free from any superior power on Earth and not to be under the will of Legislative authority of man but to have only the law of nature for his rule† (Fiege 84). The Declaration pointed towards the fact that all men are born with certain rights and it is the responsibility of the state that it must protect these rights in order to harvest harmony within the society. If the government ever tries to violate the natural rights of people by taking their property then they have all the right to fight back against such government and form a new one. The American Revolution was considered to be an anti-tax movement as the citizens had the right to control their own property. The American Revolution was a source of reinforcement of slavery in several ways. The declaration of independence talked about the liberty and independence and therefore it chal lenged the long traditions of slavery and declared it as human inequality. The revolutionary era marked important changes in this institution of slavery and declared it a violation of the human rights. ... In the state of North of Delaware the decline trend of slavery was most prominent, where the anti-slavery laws were passed soon after the world war. However these laws were not being implemented on fast track. Many of these laws gave the order of releasing the children of slaves at the age of 25. In Southern America several movements took place that demanded to free the slaves. In the American areas where the production of Tobacco has ceased, the population of free black people began to grow. In the early 18th century, one third of the black population in Maryland was freed. In the powerful American states such as Virginia the black population also started growing in number. This black population then created several institutions for themselves for the purposes of protecting the rights of their own community. They called themselves Africans for showing their pride and practicing their human rights. The growing distance of the Colonies from their homeland was another challenge after t he American Revolution. However these colonies later on started accepting the American laws and owned land that made them feel like home. The more land the colonist occupied the more economical liberty they gained and this weakened their dependencies on other colonies for help. The nature of the Colonist was exactly explained by James Otis when he said, â€Å"The Colonists are by the law of nature free born, as indeed all men are, white or black† (Fiege 85). It was in 17th century that the colonial identity first moderated and then sharpened. In the middle of 17th century the colonists’ population began to grow and their wealth started multiplying